01 Japanese History

#15 The Kamakura Culture


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This episode is about Kamakura Culture. Let’s take a look at what kind of culture was born in the Kamakura period.

今回のエピソードは鎌倉文化です。鎌倉時代にはどのような文化が生まれたのか見ていきましょう。

Nandaimon Gate of Todaiji Temple is a building representative of the Kamakura Culture. Todaiji Temple in Nara was burned down during the Genpei War but was rebuilt with donations from warriors and the people. The Kongorikishi statues were installed in this Nandaimon Gate. The artists were Unkei and Kaikei. The statues express the strength that flourished in the samurai spirit.

東大寺南大門は鎌倉文化を代表する建築物です。奈良の東大寺は源平合戦の間に焼かれましたが、武士や民衆の寄付により再建されました。この南大門には金剛力士像が設置されています。作者は運慶と快慶です。この像には武士の気風を反映しした力強さが表されています。

In the field of literature, the military chronicle “The Tale of the Heike” was created. It was sung by biwa poets and spread amongst the people. At that time, there were still few people who could read.

文学の分野では、軍記物の『平家物語』が生み出されました。平家物語は琵琶法師によって詠われ人々の間に広まりました。当時はまだ文字を読める人が少なかったのです。

Kamo-no-Chomei wrote “Hojoki”. He left life in the capital for a life of seclusion where he documented the harsh conditions of the world. His writings are popular among business people today. Another work from this period is “Essays in Idleness,” by Yoshida Kenko which vividly described the lives of the people.

鴨長明は『方丈記』を著しました。彼は都の生活を離れて隠遁し、厳しい世の中を描きました。彼の文章は現代のサラリーマンにも人気です。人々の生活を生き生きと描いた吉田兼好の『徒然草』もこの時代の作品です。

During the Kamakura period, several new types of Buddhism were born one after another to meet the needs of people seeking salvation. Let us look at some of them.

鎌倉時代には救いを求める人々にこたえて新しい仏教が次々と生まれました。そのいくつかを見てみましょう。

The first was Honen‘s Jodo sect. Honen taught that anyone can be reborn in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss by chanting the name of Amida Buddha.

まず、法然の浄土宗です。法然は、念仏を唱えることで誰でも極楽浄土に生まれ変わることができると説きました。

The second is Shinran‘s Jodo Shinshu. Shinran was a disciple of Honen. Jodo Shinshu is a sect of Buddhism that teaches that those who believe in the salvation of Amida Buddha and are aware of their own sins will be saved.

次は親鸞の浄土真宗です。親鸞は法然の弟子です。浄土真宗は、阿弥陀佛の救いを信じ、自らの罪を自覚したものが救われると説く宗派です。

The third is Ippen’s Jishu sect. Ippen traveled on a missionary journey around central Japan using the Dancing Nembutsu; chanting the name of Amida Buddha.

3つ目は一遍の時宗です。一遍は踊念仏の手法で中央日本を布教して周りました。

The fourth is Nichiren’s Nichiren sect. Nichiren preached that people and the nation could be saved by chanting the title of the Lotus Sutra. These four monks were attacked by traditional Buddhism, but their easy-to-understand teachings led them to be propagated widely among the people.

4つ目は日蓮の日蓮宗です。日蓮は、題目を唱えることで人々も国も救われると説きました。これらの僧は伝統仏教から攻撃されましたが、分かりやすい教えによって多くの人々の間に広まりました。

In the Kamakura period, Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan by monks who had practiced in the Song Dynasty in China. The two main sects of Zen Buddhism are Eisai‘s Rinzai sect and Dogen’s Soto sect. Zen Buddhism teaches enlightenment through rigorous Zen meditation. Under the protection of the Kamakura Shogunate, Zen Buddhism spread mainly among samurai.

鎌倉時代には、中国の宋で修行した僧たちによって禅宗が日本に伝えられました。それを代表する宗派として、栄西の臨済宗、道元の曹洞宗があります。禅宗は厳しい禅の修行によって悟りを開くことを教えています。禅宗は、鎌倉幕府の保護を受け、主に侍たちの間で広まりました。


Thank you for reading this.

Let's learn about wonderful history and culture of Japan together!  全国通訳案内士(英語) 英検1級

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